Interactive Lab

Chemistry

play with it until it makes sense

All 126 lessons are here, six for every chapter. Each one runs in your browser, shows the numbers behind the picture and needs nothing but this page.

by Dr. Akash Garg
All 126 lessons, by chapter

Open a chapter to see its six lessons. Each lesson also sits inside that chapter of the book, right under the section it belongs to.

1Essential IdeasMatter, measurement and the language of chemistry6 lessons›
1

Matter and its states

Heat, cool and squeeze a sample and watch the particles change state.

2

Physical and chemical properties

Sort real changes into physical or chemical and see why.

3

Measurement and SI units

Build any measurement from the seven base units and their prefixes.

4

Uncertainty and significant figures

Read instruments, count significant figures and round a calculation.

5

Dimensional analysis

Chain conversion factors and watch the units cancel.

6

Density and temperature

Float, sink and measure density; convert between the three temperature scales.

2Atoms, Molecules and IonsWhat everything is built from, and how we name it6 lessons›
1

Atomic theory and the subatomic particles

Add protons, neutrons and electrons and see what you have made.

2

Isotopes and atomic mass

Mix isotopes to their natural abundance and get the average atomic mass.

3

The periodic table

Explore groups, periods, metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

4

Ions and ionic compounds

Balance charges to build neutral ionic formulas.

5

Molecular compounds and formulas

Read empirical, molecular and structural formulas of the same compound.

6

Naming compounds

Name ionic, molecular and acid compounds step by step.

3Composition of Substances and SolutionsCounting atoms by weighing them6 lessons›
1

The mole and Avogadro's number

Walk mass, moles and particles across the mole bridge.

2

Molar mass

Build a formula and watch its molar mass add up atom by atom.

3

Percent composition

See what fraction of a compound's mass each element owns.

4

Empirical and molecular formulas

Turn percent data into an empirical formula, then a molecular one.

5

Molarity

Make a solution to a target molarity and check your work.

6

Dilution

Dilute a stock solution with M1V1 = M2V2.

4Stoichiometry of Chemical ReactionsEquations that balance, and what they let you predict6 lessons›
1

Writing and balancing equations

Balance equations by atom counting with live feedback.

2

Classifying reactions

Sort reactions into precipitation, acid-base and redox.

3

Oxidation numbers and redox

Assign oxidation numbers and spot what was oxidized and reduced.

4

Mole to mole stoichiometry

Follow the grams to moles to moles to grams road map.

5

Limiting reactant

Run a reaction with set amounts and find what runs out first.

6

Theoretical, actual and percent yield

Compare what should form with what really came out.

5ThermochemistryWhere the energy in a reaction goes6 lessons›
1

Energy, heat and work

Move energy between system and surroundings and track the signs.

2

Heat capacity and calorimetry

Drop a hot metal into water and solve q = mcΔT.

3

Enthalpy and thermochemical equations

Read endothermic and exothermic energy diagrams.

4

Hess's law

Stack reaction steps and add their enthalpies to a target.

5

Standard enthalpies of formation

Use products minus reactants to get a reaction enthalpy.

6

Bond energies

Break bonds, make bonds and total the energy change.

6Electronic Structure and Periodic PropertiesWhere the electrons live, and why that sets the table6 lessons›
1

Light and quantized energy

Change wavelength and frequency and see the energy change.

2

The Bohr model and line spectra

Jump an electron between levels and watch a spectral line appear.

3

Quantum numbers and orbital shapes

Turn s, p, d and f orbitals in space.

4

Electron configurations

Fill orbitals in order for any element.

5

Orbital diagrams and Hund's rule

Place electrons in boxes and obey Pauli and Hund.

6

Periodic trends

Watch radius, ionization energy and electronegativity move across the table.

7Chemical Bonding and Molecular GeometryHow atoms join, and the shapes that result6 lessons›
1

Ionic bonding and lattice energy

Build a lattice and see what makes lattice energy rise.

2

Covalent bonds, electronegativity and polarity

Slide the electronegativity difference from nonpolar to ionic.

3

Lewis structures

Count valence electrons and place bonds and lone pairs.

4

Resonance and formal charge

Compare resonance forms and pick the best by formal charge.

5

VSEPR and molecular shapes

Add bonding and lone pairs and watch the shape change.

6

Molecular polarity

Add bond dipoles as vectors to find the molecule's polarity.

8Advanced Theories of Covalent BondingOrbitals that overlap, mix and spread out6 lessons›
1

Valence bond theory and orbital overlap

Slide two atoms together and watch orbitals overlap.

2

Hybrid orbitals

Mix s and p orbitals into sp, sp2 and sp3 sets.

3

Sigma and pi bonds

Compare head-on and side-on overlap and what each allows.

4

Multiple bonds and rotation

Try to rotate a double bond and see why it locks.

5

Molecular orbital theory

Fill a molecular orbital diagram for simple diatomics.

6

Bond order and magnetism

Compute bond order and predict paramagnetic or diamagnetic.

9GasesThe state we can predict with one equation6 lessons›
1

Gas pressure and how we measure it

Read a manometer and convert atm, torr, mmHg and kPa.

2

The simple gas laws

Hold two variables and see Boyle, Charles and Avogadro appear.

3

The ideal gas law

Solve PV = nRT for any missing variable.

4

Gas density, molar mass and stoichiometry

Run a reaction that makes a gas and find its volume.

5

Dalton's law of partial pressures

Mix gases in a flask and split the total pressure.

6

Kinetic molecular theory, effusion and real gases

Change temperature and mass and watch the speed distribution shift.

10Liquids and SolidsWhat holds condensed matter together6 lessons›
1

Intermolecular forces

Compare dispersion, dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding.

2

Properties of liquids

Test viscosity, surface tension and capillary action.

3

Phase changes and heating curves

Add heat steadily and watch temperature stall at each change.

4

Vapor pressure and boiling

Change temperature and altitude and find the boiling point.

5

Phase diagrams

Move a point around a phase diagram across every boundary.

6

Solids and crystal lattices

Count atoms in simple, body-centered and face-centered unit cells.

11Solutions and ColloidsMixtures that behave like one substance6 lessons›
1

The dissolving process

Watch a solid dissolve and see like dissolve like.

2

Energy of solution formation

Add up the three energy steps of dissolving.

3

Concentration units

Convert molarity, molality, mole fraction, percent and ppm.

4

Solubility, temperature and pressure

Read solubility curves and apply Henry's law.

5

Colligative properties

Add solute and watch freezing point, boiling point and osmosis respond.

6

Colloids and suspensions

Shine a light through solutions and colloids for the Tyndall effect.

12KineticsHow fast a reaction runs, and what controls it6 lessons›
1

Reaction rates

Track concentration against time and read the rate off the curve.

2

Rate laws and reaction order

Run initial-rate experiments and solve for the order.

3

Integrated rate laws and half-life

Plot the three straight-line forms and find the order.

4

Collision theory and activation energy

Collide molecules with the right energy and the right angle.

5

Temperature and the Arrhenius equation

Raise the temperature and watch k climb.

6

Mechanisms and catalysis

Step through a mechanism and lower the barrier with a catalyst.

13Fundamental Equilibrium ConceptsReactions that run both ways at once6 lessons›
1

Dynamic equilibrium

Watch forward and reverse rates meet and hold.

2

The equilibrium constant

Write K from an equation and see what big and small K mean.

3

The reaction quotient Q

Compare Q with K and predict which way the reaction shifts.

4

Le Chatelier's principle

Add, remove, squeeze and heat a system at equilibrium.

5

ICE tables

Fill an ICE table and solve for the equilibrium amounts.

6

Equilibrium calculations

Work through K problems, including the small-x shortcut.

14Acid-Base EquilibriaProtons on the move6 lessons›
1

Bronsted-Lowry acids, bases and conjugate pairs

Pass a proton and label both conjugate pairs.

2

Water autoionization and the pH scale

Move pH and watch hydronium and hydroxide trade places.

3

Strong versus weak acids and bases

Compare ionization of a strong and a weak acid at the same concentration.

4

Ka, Kb and percent ionization

Change Ka and concentration and track pH and percent ionization.

5

Polyprotic acids and salt solutions

Predict whether a salt solution turns out acidic, basic or neutral.

6

Buffers and titration curves

Titrate acids and bases and watch the curve and the buffer region.

15Equilibria of Other Reaction ClassesSolubility, complex ions and coupled systems6 lessons›
1

The solubility product

Dissolve a salt to saturation and connect Ksp with molar solubility.

2

The common ion effect

Add a shared ion and watch solubility drop.

3

Predicting precipitation

Mix two solutions and compare Q with Ksp.

4

Complex ion formation

Add ligands and watch a complex ion form.

5

Amphoteric hydroxides

Add acid or base to a hydroxide and watch it dissolve either way.

6

Coupled equilibria

Link two equilibria and see one pull the other.

16ThermodynamicsWhich way a change goes on its own6 lessons›
1

Spontaneous change

Sort everyday changes into spontaneous and not.

2

Entropy

Spread particles and energy and watch entropy rise.

3

The second and third laws

Track entropy of system plus surroundings through a change.

4

Standard entropy change

Predict the sign of entropy change from an equation.

5

Gibbs free energy

Slide enthalpy, entropy and temperature and watch ΔG flip sign.

6

Free energy, K and temperature

Connect G with K and find the switch-over temperature.

17ElectrochemistryChemistry that moves electrons through a wire6 lessons›
1

Balancing redox half-reactions

Balance half-reactions in acid and in base.

2

Galvanic cells

Build a cell, name the electrodes and follow the electrons.

3

Standard reduction potentials

Pick two half-cells and compute the standard cell potential.

4

Cell potential, free energy and K

Convert between Ecell, ΔG and K.

5

The Nernst equation and batteries

Change concentrations and watch cell potential move.

6

Electrolysis and corrosion

Drive a nonspontaneous reaction and protect iron from rust.

18Representative Metals, Metalloids and NonmetalsThe main groups, group by group6 lessons›
1

Periodicity of the main groups

Move across and down the main groups and track the pattern.

2

Alkali and alkaline earth metals

Drop group 1 and 2 metals in water and compare the reaction.

3

Boron, aluminum, carbon and silicon

Compare the structures and uses of group 13 and 14 elements.

4

Nitrogen and phosphorus

Follow nitrogen and phosphorus through their oxides and acids.

5

Oxygen and sulfur

Compare oxides, peroxides and the sulfur oxyacids.

6

Halogens and noble gases

Compare halogen reactivity and see why noble gases hold back.

19Transition Metals and Coordination ChemistryThe d-block, its colors and its complexes6 lessons›
1

Transition metal properties and configurations

Fill d orbitals and handle the ion exceptions.

2

Coordination compounds and ligands

Attach ligands and count coordination number.

3

Naming coordination compounds

Name a complex piece by piece.

4

Isomerism in complexes

Flip between cis, trans and optical isomers.

5

Crystal field theory and color

Split d orbitals with ligands and predict the color absorbed.

6

Magnetism, chelation and uses

Count unpaired electrons and see chelation at work.

20Organic ChemistryCarbon, and the families it builds6 lessons›
1

Alkanes and isomers

Build carbon chains and branch them into isomers.

2

Alkenes and alkynes

Add and remove bonds and compare addition with substitution.

3

Aromatic compounds

Delocalize benzene's electrons and see why it is stable.

4

Alcohols and ethers

Spot the functional group and predict boiling point and solubility.

5

Aldehydes, ketones, acids and esters

Compare the carbonyl families and their reactions.

6

Amines, amides and polymers

Link monomers into addition and condensation polymers.

21Nuclear ChemistryChanges inside the nucleus6 lessons›
1

The nucleus and nuclear stability

Plot nuclides on the band of stability and test binding energy.

2

Types of radioactive decay

Fire alpha, beta, positron and gamma and see what changes.

3

Half-life and dating

Decay a sample through many half-lives and date a find.

4

Nuclear equations and transmutation

Balance mass and charge in a nuclear equation.

5

Fission and fusion

Split a heavy nucleus and fuse light ones, and compare the energy.

6

Radiation, detection and uses

Shield alpha, beta and gamma and compare doses and medical uses.