How to use this: open the walkthrough first and go at your own pace with the arrow keys or Next. Then open the Lab: run the simulator, then practice in the Problem Trainer, using the hints and the animated worked solutions. Use the tools bar at the top of each page to pause the animations, slow them down, have the text read aloud, or get a written description of each picture.
Module 1 Measurement, units and dimensional analysis
Classifying matter, the metric system, significant figures, density, temperature and the master skill of unit conversion.
- States of matter
- Elements, compounds, mixtures
- Physical vs chemical change
- SI prefixes
- Scientific notation
- Significant figures
- Accuracy vs precision
- Density
- Temperature scales
- Dimensional analysis
Module 2 Atoms, isotopes and the periodic table
From Dalton to Rutherford's nucleus, isotopes, average atomic mass, and how the periodic table is organized.
- Dalton's atomic theory
- Cathode ray tube
- Gold foil experiment
- Protons, neutrons, electrons
- Isotopes
- Ions
- Average atomic mass
- Mass spectrometry
- Groups and families
- Naming ions
Module 3 Light, electrons and orbitals
Light as waves and photons, line spectra, the Bohr model, orbitals and electron configurations.
- Wavelength and frequency
- Photons / E = hν
- Photoelectric effect
- Line spectra
- Bohr model
- Quantum numbers
- s, p, d orbitals
- Aufbau / Pauli / Hund
- Electron configurations
- Paramagnetism
Module 4 Periodic trends
Effective nuclear charge and how it explains size, ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity.
- Effective nuclear charge
- Shielding
- Atomic radius
- Ionic radius
- Isoelectronic series
- Ionization energy
- Electron affinity
- Electronegativity
- Metallic character
Module 5 Ionic and covalent bonding
Why atoms bond, ionic lattices, covalent sharing, polarity, Lewis structures, resonance and naming.
- Octet rule
- Ionic bonding
- Lattice energy
- Covalent bonds
- Bond polarity
- Lewis structures
- Formal charge
- Resonance
- Octet exceptions
- Naming compounds
- Bond energies
Module 6 Molecular shape and polarity
VSEPR shapes in 3D, molecular polarity, hybridization, sigma and pi bonds, and molecular orbitals.
- VSEPR
- Electron vs molecular geometry
- Bond angles
- Lone pairs
- Molecular polarity
- Dipole moments
- Hybridization
- Sigma and pi bonds
- Molecular orbitals
Module 7 Moles and stoichiometry
Making the mole tangible: molar mass, formulas, balancing equations, limiting reactants and yield.
- The mole
- Avogadro's number
- Molar mass
- Percent composition
- Empirical formula
- Balancing equations
- Mole ratios
- Limiting reactant
- Percent yield
Module 8 Reactions in aqueous solution
Water as a solvent, electrolytes, molarity, precipitation, net ionic equations, acid-base and redox reactions.
- Hydration shells
- Electrolytes
- Molarity
- Dilution
- Precipitation
- Solubility rules
- Net ionic equations
- Neutralization
- Oxidation numbers
- Activity series
- Titration
Module 9 Gases
Pressure, kinetic molecular theory, the gas laws, partial pressures, molecular speeds and real gases.
- Pressure units
- Kinetic molecular theory
- Boyle's law
- Charles's law
- Ideal gas law
- Gas density
- Dalton's law
- Maxwell-Boltzmann
- Graham's law
- Real gases
Module 10 Thermochemistry
Energy, heat and work, exothermic and endothermic changes, calorimetry, Hess's law and enthalpies of formation.
- First law
- Heat vs temperature
- Exothermic / endothermic
- Enthalpy
- Specific heat
- Calorimetry
- Hess's law
- Enthalpy of formation
- Bond enthalpies
- Food Calories
Module 11 Intermolecular forces, liquids and solids
Dispersion forces, dipoles and hydrogen bonds, liquid properties, vapor pressure, phase changes and solids.
- London dispersion
- Dipole-dipole
- Hydrogen bonding
- Ion-dipole
- Surface tension
- Viscosity
- Vapor pressure
- Heating curves
- Phase diagrams
- Types of solids
- Unit cells
Module 12 Solutions and colligative properties
How things dissolve, solubility, concentration units, colligative properties and osmosis.
- Like dissolves like
- Saturated / supersaturated
- Solubility curves
- Henry's law
- Molality
- Raoult's law
- Boiling point elevation
- Freezing point depression
- van 't Hoff factor
- Osmotic pressure
- Tonicity
Module 13 Chemical kinetics
Reaction rates, collision theory, activation energy, rate laws, half-life, mechanisms and catalysts.
- Reaction rate
- Collision theory
- Activation energy
- Arrhenius equation
- Rate laws
- Method of initial rates
- Integrated rate laws
- Half-life
- Mechanisms
- Catalysts / enzymes
Module 14 Chemical equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium, K and Q, ICE tables, Le Chatelier's principle and solubility equilibria.
- Dynamic equilibrium
- K expressions
- Kc and Kp
- Reaction quotient Q
- ICE tables
- Le Chatelier's principle
- Haber process
- Ksp
- Common-ion effect
Module 15 Acids, bases and buffers
Proton transfer, pH, strong and weak acids and bases, buffers, and titration curves built live.
- Brønsted-Lowry
- Conjugate pairs
- pH and pOH
- Kw
- Ka and Kb
- Weak acid pH
- Salt hydrolysis
- Buffers
- Henderson-Hasselbalch
- Titration curves
- Indicators
- Blood buffer
Module 16 Entropy, free energy and electrochemistry
Why reactions happen: entropy, Gibbs free energy, K, and how redox reactions power batteries.
- Entropy
- Second law
- Gibbs free energy
- ΔG and K
- Balancing redox
- Galvanic cells
- Standard potentials
- Nernst equation
- Batteries
- Corrosion
- Electrolysis / Faraday
Module 17 Nuclear chemistry
The nucleus, radioactive decay, half-life and dating, radiation safety, medical isotopes and nuclear energy.
- Band of stability
- Alpha, beta, gamma
- Nuclear equations
- Half-life
- Carbon-14 dating
- Radiation units
- Time, distance, shielding
- PET scans
- Binding energy
- Fission and fusion