← Dr. Garg Learning · free textbooks, games and practice
Genetics · Modules 1 to 19

See It: Genetics

See genetics happen and practise the problems that make it click. Each module has an animated walkthrough that links the pedigree or population, the chromosome and the DNA, with animated worked examples for every calculation, and a Lab with simulators, a randomized problem trainer, a sorting game and real-world data scenarios. Modules 18 and 19 form a human genetics track. Everything runs in your browser. No login, nothing graded.

How to use this: open the walkthrough first and go at your own pace with the arrow keys or Next. Then open the Lab: run the simulator, practice in the trainer with its hints and worked solutions, and try the real-world scenarios. Use the tools bar at the top of each page to pause the animations, slow them down, have the text read aloud, or get a written description of each picture. Nothing here is graded.

Module 1 Mendelian transmission and probability

Segregation and independent assortment on chromosomes, multi-gene crosses, probability rules, binomial and conditional problems, chi square and pedigree risk.

Start here · Animated walkthroughMendelian transmission and probability WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 1 LabMulti-gene cross bench, probability trainer, matching rounds, and real-world scenarios.

Module 2 Extensions of Mendel and gene interaction

Dominance at the protein level, multiple alleles, lethal alleles, penetrance and expressivity, epistasis ratios, complementation tests and environmental effects.

Start here · Animated walkthroughExtensions of Mendel and gene interaction WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 2 LabPathway bench, complementation plate, interaction trainer, ratio matching, and real-world scenarios.

Module 3 Sex determination, sex linkage and extranuclear inheritance

Sex determination systems, X-linked inheritance and Bridges' nondisjunction, dosage compensation, sex-influenced traits, imprinting, maternal effect and mitochondrial inheritance.

Start here · Animated walkthroughSex determination, sex linkage and extranuclear inheritance WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 3 LabFly cross bench, sex linkage trainer, sorting rounds, and real-world scenarios.

Module 4 Linkage and genetic mapping

Linkage and recombination, three-point testcross mapping with interference, mapping functions, fungal tetrads, LOD scores and physical maps.

Start here · Animated walkthroughLinkage and genetic mapping WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 4 LabThree-point mapping bench, mapping trainer, class matching, and real-world scenarios.

Module 5 Bacterial and viral genetics

Conjugation and Hfr interrupted mating, transformation and transduction mapping, phage plaque assays, Benzer's rII fine structure and the cistron.

Start here · Animated walkthroughBacterial and viral genetics WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 5 LabInterrupted mating and plaque benches, bacterial genetics trainer, sorting rounds, and real-world scenarios.

Module 6 Chromosome mutations

Karyotypes, deletions and duplications, inversion loops, translocation segregation, Robertsonian translocations, aneuploidy and polyploidy.

Start here · Animated walkthroughChromosome mutations WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 6 LabRearrangement meiosis bench, chromosome trainer, matching rounds, and real-world scenarios.

Module 7 DNA replication and recombination

DNA topology, the bacterial and eukaryotic replisomes, licensing, fidelity, telomeres, Holliday junctions, double-strand break repair and gene conversion.

Start here · Animated walkthroughDNA replication and recombination WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 7 LabReplication race and junction benches, replication trainer, games, and real-world scenarios.

Module 8 Transcription and RNA processing

Bacterial promoters and sigma factors, termination, eukaryotic polymerases and promoters, capping, polyadenylation, splicing, alternative splicing, editing and NMD.

Start here · Animated walkthroughTranscription and RNA processing WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 8 LabPromoter and splicing bench, transcription trainer, sorting rounds, and real-world scenarios.

Module 9 The genetic code and translation

Cracking the code with frameshifts and synthetic RNAs, wobble, tRNA charging, ribosomes, initiation to termination, suppressors and antibiotics.

Start here · Animated walkthroughThe genetic code and translation WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 9 LabCode-cracking and ribosome benches, code trainer, sorting rounds, and real-world scenarios.

Module 10 Gene regulation in bacteria

The lac operon with merodiploid analysis, catabolite repression, trp attenuation, AraC, riboswitches, small RNAs, two-component systems and quorum sensing.

Start here · Animated walkthroughGene regulation in bacteria WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 10 LabOperon lab, merodiploid trainer, mutation matching, and real-world scenarios.

Module 11 Gene regulation and epigenetics in eukaryotes

Chromatin and the histone code, DNA methylation, enhancers, silencers and insulators, the GAL system, RNA interference and epigenetic inheritance.

Start here · Animated walkthroughGene regulation and epigenetics in eukaryotes WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 11 LabEnhancer lab, regulation trainer, sorting rounds, and real-world scenarios.

Module 12 Mutation, repair and transposable elements

Mutation types, repeat expansions, spontaneous and induced mutation, the fluctuation and Ames tests, repair pathways and transposable elements.

Start here · Animated walkthroughMutation, repair and transposable elements WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 12 LabFluctuation and Ames benches, mutation trainer, matching rounds, and real-world scenarios.

Module 13 Molecular genetic tools

Restriction mapping, cloning vectors and screening, libraries, PCR and qPCR, blots and sequencing, knockouts, RNAi, CRISPR and forward genetic screens.

Start here · Animated walkthroughMolecular genetic tools WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 13 LabCloning and qPCR benches, tools trainer, match and order games, and real-world scenarios.

Module 14 Genomics

Genome sequencing and assembly, coverage, annotation, genome features, comparative genomics, RNA-seq, metagenomics and genome-wide association studies.

Start here · Animated walkthroughGenomics WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 14 LabAssembly bench, Manhattan plot explorer, genomics trainer, matching, and real-world scenarios.

Module 15 Quantitative genetics

Polygenic inheritance, variance partitioning, broad and narrow heritability, twin and adoption studies, response to selection, QTLs and polygenic scores.

Start here · Animated walkthroughQuantitative genetics WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 15 LabPolygenic selection bench, quantitative trainer, methods sorting, and real-world scenarios.

Module 16 Population and evolutionary genetics

Hardy-Weinberg, inbreeding and F, mutation-selection balance, migration, drift and Ne, selection equilibria, neutral theory and dN/dS.

Start here · Animated walkthroughPopulation and evolutionary genetics WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 16 LabPopulation simulator, population genetics trainer, forces game, and real-world scenarios.

Module 17 Developmental and cancer genetics

Stem cells and cloning, fly axis formation and Hox genes, the ABC flower model, programmed cell death, oncogenes, tumor suppressors and targeted therapy.

Start here · Animated walkthroughDevelopmental and cancer genetics WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 17 LabFly embryo and tumor evolution benches, development trainer, gene sorting, and real-world scenarios.

Module 18 Human inheritance and risk

Pedigree notation, human inheritance patterns, penetrance and anticipation, carrier and Bayesian risk calculations, consanguinity and multifactorial traits.

Start here · Animated walkthroughHuman inheritance and risk WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 18 LabPedigree builder and Bayes calculator, risk trainer, matching rounds, and counseling families.

Module 19 Genetic testing and counseling

Newborn, carrier and prenatal screening, diagnostic methods, test performance and predictive values, variant classification, counseling and genetic privacy law.

Start here · Animated walkthroughGenetic testing and counseling WalkthroughWatch the biology happen step by step, with quick checks and animated worked examples. Simulators + practiceModule 19 LabScreening test bench, testing trainer, sorting rounds, and real-world scenarios.