Free open textbook · Dr. Akash Garg
Genetics
A free genetics textbook in fourteen chapters. Every chapter has original labeled diagrams, summary tables, study tips, real world connections, a glossary and a self check.
Chapter 1Mendelian Transmission and ProbabilityMendel's approach and monohybrid crosses; Dihybrid crosses and independent assortment; Probability rules for genetics problems; Chi square testing of genetic ratios; Pedigree analysis basicsChapter 2Extensions of MendelIncomplete dominance, codominance and multiple alleles; Lethal alleles and gene interaction; Epistasis and modified ratios; Penetrance, expressivity and the environment; Complementation testsChapter 3Sex Linkage and Extranuclear InheritanceSex determination systems; X linked inheritance and pedigrees; Dosage compensation and X inactivation; Sex influenced and sex limited traits; Mitochondrial and chloroplast inheritance, maternal effect and genomic imprintingChapter 4Linkage and Genetic MappingLinkage and crossing over; Recombination frequency and map units; Three point crosses and gene order; Interference, coefficient of coincidence and mapping functions; Mapping in humans: LOD scores and molecular markersChapter 5Bacterial and Viral GeneticsBacterial genomes, plasmids and mutants; Conjugation and mapping by interrupted mating; Transformation and transduction; Bacteriophage genetics and fine structure mapping; Viral genomes and retrovirusesChapter 6Chromosome MutationsChromosome structure and karyotypes; Deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations; Aneuploidy and nondisjunction; Polyploidy; Chromosome mutations in human disease and cancerChapter 7DNA Replication, Recombination, Mutation and RepairSemiconservative replication and its enzymes; Replication in eukaryotes and telomeres; Homologous recombination; Mutation types, causes and rates; DNA repair systems and transposable elementsChapter 8Transcription, RNA Processing and TranslationTranscription in bacteria; Transcription in eukaryotes; RNA processing: capping, splicing, polyadenylation; The genetic code; Translation and protein processingChapter 9Gene Regulation and EpigeneticsPrinciples of gene regulation; The lac and trp operons; Eukaryotic transcription factors and enhancers; Chromatin, DNA methylation and epigenetics; Regulation by RNA: RNAi and microRNAChapter 10Molecular Genetic Tools and GenomicsRestriction enzymes, cloning and PCR; Sequencing technologies; CRISPR and genome editing; Genome structure and annotation; Functional and comparative genomicsChapter 11Quantitative GeneticsContinuous traits and polygenic inheritance; Statistics for quantitative traits; Heritability: broad and narrow sense; Response to selection; QTL mapping and genome wide associationChapter 12Population and Evolutionary GeneticsAllele and genotype frequencies; Hardy Weinberg equilibrium; Inbreeding and nonrandom mating; Mutation, migration, drift and selection; Molecular evolution and speciationChapter 13Developmental and Cancer GeneticsModel organisms and developmental genetics; Pattern formation and homeotic genes; Cell cycle control; Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; The multistep nature of cancerChapter 14Human Inheritance, Genetic Testing and CounselingSingle gene disorders in humans; Complex and multifactorial disease; Genetic testing: diagnostic, carrier, prenatal and newborn screening; Genetic counseling and risk calculation; Ethical, legal and social issues