How to use this: open the walkthrough first and go at your own pace with the arrow keys or Next. Then open the Lab: move the sliders, run the virtual bench, and work the unknowns and cases. Use the tools bar at the top of each page to pause the animations, slow them down, have the text read aloud, or get a written description of each picture.
Module 1 Microscopy, staining and the microbial world
What microbes are, how microscopes reveal them, and how stains tell them apart.
- Microbe groups and sizes
- Germ theory / Koch
- Light microscope
- Magnification and resolution
- Immersion oil
- Electron microscopes
- Gram stain
- Acid-fast stain
- Endospore and capsule stains
- Cell shapes and arrangements
Module 2 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure
Inside and outside the bacterial cell, the cell wall that drugs target, and eukaryotic microbes.
- Prokaryote vs eukaryote
- Membrane transport / osmosis
- Peptidoglycan
- Gram-positive wall
- Gram-negative wall / LPS
- Capsules and biofilms
- Flagella / chemotaxis
- Pili and fimbriae
- Endospores
- Endosymbiosis
- Fungi and protozoa
Module 3 Viruses, viroids and prions
How viruses are built, how they hijack cells, and the strange cases of viroids and prions.
- Virus structure
- Lytic cycle
- Lysogeny
- Animal virus replication
- Retroviruses
- Latent infections
- Oncogenic viruses
- Plaque assay
- Viroids
- Prions
Module 4 Microbial metabolism
How microbes make and spend energy, and how labs use metabolism to identify them.
- Enzymes and inhibitors
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport
- Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
- Fermentation
- Photosynthesis
- Catalase / oxidase
- IMViC tests
- Sugar fermentation tubes
Module 5 Microbial growth
How bacteria multiply, how we count them, and what oxygen, heat, pH and media do.
- Binary fission
- Growth curve phases
- Plate counts / serial dilution
- Turbidity / MPN
- Biofilms / quorum sensing
- Oxygen requirements
- Temperature groups
- pH and salt
- Selective and differential media
- Blood agar hemolysis
Module 6 Microbial genetics and biotechnology
How bacteria copy, read, switch, change and share genes, and how we use them.
- DNA replication
- Transcription / translation
- Lac operon
- Trp operon
- Mutations and mutagens
- Ames test
- Transformation
- Transduction
- Conjugation
- PCR / gel / CRISPR
Module 7 Controlling microbial growth
Sterilizing, disinfecting and keeping things clean, and why some microbes are so hard to kill.
- Sterilization vs disinfection
- Death curve / D-value
- Resistance ladder
- Autoclave
- Pasteurization
- Filtration
- Radiation
- Alcohols and halogens
- Quats / aldehydes / gases
- Hand hygiene
Module 8 Antimicrobial drugs and resistance
How antibiotics and other drugs hit microbes, how we test them, and how resistance spreads.
- Selective toxicity
- Beta-lactams / vancomycin
- Ribosome drugs
- Fluoroquinolones / rifampin
- Sulfa / trimethoprim
- Antifungals
- Antivirals
- Kirby-Bauer / MIC
- Resistance mechanisms
- MRSA / VRE / CRE
- Stewardship
Module 9 Disease, virulence and epidemiology
How microbes cause disease, and how diseases spread through communities.
- Normal microbiota
- Koch's postulates
- Periods of disease
- Virulence factors
- Exotoxins vs endotoxin
- Portals of entry and exit
- Incidence vs prevalence
- Endemic / epidemic / pandemic
- Transmission routes
- Healthcare-associated infections
- Herd immunity
Module 10 Innate immunity
The body's fast, built-in defenses: barriers, white cells, phagocytes, complement, inflammation and fever.
- Skin and mucous barriers
- Lysozyme / defensins
- White blood cells
- Differential count
- Toll-like receptors
- Phagocytosis
- NK cells
- Complement
- Interferons
- Inflammation
- Fever
Module 11 Adaptive immunity, vaccines and diagnostics
T cells, B cells and antibodies, how vaccines train them, and the lab tests built from antibodies.
- MHC I and II
- Helper and killer T cells
- B cells / plasma cells
- Antibody classes
- Primary vs secondary response
- Active vs passive immunity
- Vaccine types
- Hypersensitivity
- ELISA
- Western blot
- Rapid lateral flow tests
Module 12 Skin, eye and respiratory infections
Infections of the skin, eyes and airways, from staph and strep to TB, flu and COVID-19.
- Staph aureus / MRSA
- Strep pyogenes
- Pseudomonas
- Measles / rubella
- Chickenpox / shingles
- Tinea / Candida
- Conjunctivitis
- Strep throat
- Diphtheria
- Pertussis
- Tuberculosis
- Pneumococcal pneumonia
- Influenza
- COVID-19
- Fungal lung infections
Module 13 Urogenital and nervous system infections
Urinary tract and sexually transmitted infections, meningitis, and the microbes that attack nerves.
- UTI / pyelonephritis
- Bacterial vaginosis
- Candidiasis / trichomoniasis
- Gonorrhea
- Chlamydia
- Syphilis
- Genital herpes
- HPV
- Bacterial meningitis
- Listeria / Cryptococcus
- West Nile
- Polio
- Rabies
- Tetanus vs botulism
Module 14 Digestive, blood and lymphatic infections
Food poisoning and gut infections, hepatitis, and infections carried in blood and by vectors.
- Dental caries
- Food intoxication
- Salmonella / Shigella
- E. coli O157:H7
- Cholera
- C. difficile
- H. pylori
- Norovirus / rotavirus
- Hepatitis A–E
- Giardia / Cryptosporidium
- Sepsis
- Plague
- Lyme disease
- Mononucleosis
- HIV
- Malaria