Chapter 2 — The Chemical Level of Organization

Pick an element and watch its protons, neutrons, and electron shells assemble.

Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds — electron transfer and sharing.

Synthesis, decomposition, exchange — and how an enzyme lowers the hill.

Polarity, dissolving a salt, cohesion, and heat capacity.

Push the pH around, watch H⁺ ions shift, and see a buffer resist change.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.